Supervivencia de pacientes trasplantados en relación con la compatibilidad inmunológica / Survival of transplant patients in relation to immunological compatibility

Introducción: El trasplante renal es uno de los métodos de sustitución de la función renal y tiene como factor de mayor influencia en su supervivencia, la compatibilidad inmunológica del sistema mayor. Objetivos: Definir la supervivencia del trasplante y su relación con el grado de compatibilidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo sobre el tiempo de supervivencia con base hospitalaria de los 512 trasplantes en el período comprendido entre los años 1993 y 2010, ambos incluidos con seguimiento y corte al concluir el año 2019. Se empleó el Kaplan Meier para calcular las supervivencias, se utilizó el paquete estadístico Statiscal Package Social Science (Spss) versión 22.0. Resultados: 397 pacientes recibieron riñones cadavéricos al momento del corte, 11,3 por ciento de los injertos estaban funcionando, mientras que para los 115 que recibieron de vivo, el 45,2 por ciento, p=0,000. La mediana de supervivencia para el cadavérico fue de 3,1 años (SD 2,4-3,8) y dentro de ellos los que compartieron tres o más antígenos lograron el doble de sobrevida, p=0,033. Para el de donante vivo, la mediana fue de 16,0 años (SD 9,1-22,9) y dentro de este grupo 104 pacientes que compartían un haplotipo lograron 44,2 por ciento de función, los hermanos que eran idénticos un 66,0 por ciento. Por parentesco los que recibieron riñones de hermanos tienen mejor supervivencias que de padres a hijos, p=0,001. Conclusiones: Se definió que la compatibilidad inmunológica del sistema mayor entre donante y receptor propicia diferencias en la función de los injertos(AU)

Introduction: Renal transplantation is one of the methods of renal function substitution and the main factor influencing survival is the immunological compatibility of the major system. Objectives: To define transplant survival and the relationship with the degree of compatibility. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on the hospital-based survival time of 512 transplants from 1993 to 2010, including follow-up and the cut at the end of 2019. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to calculate the survivals, the statistical package Statistical Package Social Science (Spss) version 22.0 was used. Results: Three hundred ninety seven (397) patients received cadaveric kidneys at the cut, 11.3percent of the grafts were functioning, 115 received living grafts, 45.2percent p=0.000. The median survival for the cadaveric kidneys was 3.1 years (SD 2.4-3.8) and among them those who shared three or more antigens achieved twice the survival, p=0.033. For the living donor, the median was 16.0 years (SD 9.1-22.9) and within this group, 104 patients, sharing a haplotype, achieved 44.2percent function, siblings, who were identical, achieved 66 .0percent. By kinship, those who received kidneys from siblings have better survival than for those who received it from parents, p=0.001. Conclusions: Immunological compatibility of the major system between donor and recipient was defined to favor differences in the function of the grafts(AU)

Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Patients Recovering from COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: During the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, some patients who develop severe forms of COVID-19 present thrombotic microangiopathy in the course of the disease's clinical progression. METHODS: Data came from direct patient observation and clinical records. We performed a kidney biopsy and used optical microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS: We present the case of a 78-year-old male patient, mestizo, overweight with a history of high blood pressure, ischemic cardiopathy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who was first admitted to the hospital due to respiratory symptoms and diarrhea related to COVID-19, from which he recovered. He was subsequently readmitted with symptoms of acute renal dysfunction accompanied by mild anemia and thrombocytopenia; at the same time, he resulted negative for COVID-19 via a real-time polymerase chain reaction test. A kidney biopsy revealed thrombi in glomerular capillaries, acute tubular necrosis, thickening of extraglomerular blood vessel walls, and C3 deposits in the glomerular tufts. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a case of thrombotic microangiopathy with kidney biopsy in a patient recovering from COVID-19. Acute renal dysfunction is a form of thrombotic microangiopathy that has been observed in patients recovering from COVID-19.

Hallazgos ultraestructurales renales de pacientes con nefritis intersticial crónica de las comunidades agrícolas en El Salvador / Renal ultrastructural findings of patients with chronic interstitial nephritis from farming communities in El Salvador

Introducción: Desde hace 20 años se presenta en Centroamérica una enfermedad renal crónica que fundamentalmente afecta a hombres agricultores y no asociada a las causas tradicionales. Se caracteriza por presentar una nefritis intersticial crónica, en tanto las características ultraestructurales no se conocen con exactitud. En su origen se invoca el uso de agroquímicos y otros agentes nefrotóxicos, la deshidratación crónica, el consumo de medicamentos, entre otros factores. Objetivo: Describir las características ultraestructurales de la nefritis intersticial crónica en comunidades agrícolas. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estudiaron muestras de biopsias renales de ocho pacientes con diagnóstico de nefritis intersticial crónica de las comunidades agrícolas. Resultados: De los ocho pacientes estudiados, dos (25 por ciento) trabajaban en labores agrícolas y cinco eran del sexo femenino (62,5 por ciento). Dos de los pacientes (25 por ciento) presentaban una enfermedad renal crónica estadio 2, y seis (75 por ciento) estadio 3. En cinco pacientes se hallaron fagolisosomas con presencia de componente lipídico entremezclado con material electrodenso en células del túbulo distal. En igual cantidad de pacientes se observaron cuerpos mieloides con zonas laminadas y núcleo central en células de túbulo proximal y de los vasos sanguíneos. Conclusiones: En pacientes de comunidades agrícolas que padecen nefritis intersticial crónica se evidencian fagolisosomas y estructuras mieloides en túbulos y vasos renales, cuyo contenido y origen se desconocen(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease mainly affecting male farmers and not associated to traditional causes has been present in Central America for twenty years. The condition is characterized by the presence of chronic interstitial nephritis, but its ultrastructural features are not fully known. Factors suggested as responsible for its occurrence include the use of agrochemicals and other nephrotoxic agents, chronic dehydration and medicine consumption. Objective: Describe the ultrastructural characteristics of chronic interstitial nephritis in farming communities. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of renal biopsy samples from eight patients diagnosed with chronic interstitial nephritis in farming communities. Results: Of the eight patients studied, two (25 percent) were farm workers and five (62.5percent) were female. Two of the patients (25 percent) had stage 2 and six (75 percent) stage 3 chronic kidney disease. In five patients evidence was found of phagolysosomes with lipid component mixed with electrodense material in distal tubule cells. An equal number of patients had myeloid bodies with laminated areas and central nucleus in proximal tubule and blood vessel cells. Conclusions: Evidence of phagolysosomes and myeloid structures of unknown content and origin was found in renal tubules and vessels of patients from farming communities diagnosed with chronic interstitial nephritis(AU)

COVID-19 and the Kidneys: Risk, Damage and Sequelae.

At fi rst, COVID-19 was thought to be primarily a respiratory disease, progressing in some patients to serious respiratory symptoms, pneumonia, severe respiratory distress syndrome and even death. Later analysis revealed entire systems were compromised, affecting other vital organs, including the kidneys, and a correlation was observed between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and COVID-19 severity COVID-19 severity.

The chronic kidney disease epidemic in El Salvador: the influence of agrochemicals / La epidemia de enfermedad renal crónica en El Salvador: la influencia de los agroquímicos

Introduction: An epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of devastating consequences has been taking place in El Salvador over the last few decades. In a significant portion of affected subjects, no other common cause of chronic kidney disease is present, such as diabetes and hypertension. This illness is usually called Chronic Kidney Disease from Non-Traditional Causes (CKDnT). Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of exposure to agrochemicals in affected populations, particularly in rural areas. In addition to sustained exposure to agrochemicals, the other leading hypothesis to explain this epidemic is prolonged exposure to high temperatures and dehydration in a context of exhausting agricultural work. Objectives: To assess the possible causal effect of exposure to agrochemicals in the emergence of the CKD epidemic in the adult population of El Salvador. Methods: We conducted a case-control analysis based on the 2015 survey of Chronic Diseases in Adults in El Salvador, a national probabilistic sample that covered 4,817 adults ;20 years old. Those suffering from CKD were considered cases; the rest were managed as controls. Self-reported agrochemical exposures, other risk factors and health conditions were recorded. For binary exposures, the odds ratio (OR) of CKD and CKDnT was estimated. For variables measuring length of exposure, the average valu 8203; 8203;for cases and for controls were compared. In all cases, the corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between exposure to agrochemicals and CKD while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: Regardless of how past exposure to agrochemicals was characterized (e.g., contact with paraquat or aerial fumigation) the OR of both CKD and CKDnT was always greater than 1.0 (range, 1.36 to 3.75). Similarly, the average number of years of exposure was consistently higher for cases than for controls for all continuous variables examined (greater than 2 years in most cases). Conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with previous epidemiologic and toxicological evidence and support the hypothesis that exposure to agrochemicals may be causally implicated in the ongoing CKD epidemics in El Salvador(AU)

Introducción: Durante las últimas décadas, una epidemia de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) de consecuencias devastadoras ha tenido lugar en El Salvador. Una parte importante de los sujetos afectados, no padece de una causa frecuente para padecer enfermedad renal crónica, tal como como diabetes e hipertensión. En tal caso, suele distinguirse la dolencia mediante el nombre de Enfermedad Renal Crónica de Causas no Tradicionales (ERCnT). Estudios previos muestran una alta prevalencia de exposición a agroquímicos en las poblaciones afectadas, particularmente en las zonas rurales. Además de la exposición sostenida a agroquímicos, la otra hipótesis principal para explicar esta epidemia es la exposición prolongada a altas temperaturas y deshidratación, en un contexto de trabajo agrícola agotador. Objetivos: Evaluar el posible efecto causal de la exposición a agroquímicos en la irrupción de la epidemia de ERC en la población adulta de El Salvador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, a partir de la Encuesta de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles en Adultos en El Salvador, basada en una muestra probabilística nacional que abarcó 4,817 adultos de 20 o más años de edad, concluida en 2015. Fueron considerados casos todos aquellos que padecían ERC; el resto dos restantes participantes se manejaron como controles. Se registraron las exposiciones a agroquímicos, así como a otros factores de riesgo y condiciones de salud según testimonio de los participantes. Para las exposiciones binarias, se estimó la razón de odds (OR) con respecto a padecer ERC y ERCnT. Para las variables que medían la duración de la exposición, se compararon los valores medios para casos y controles. En todos los casos, se calcularon los respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento. Se utilizó la regresión logística multivariada para examinar la asociación entre la exposición a agroquímicos y la ERC, controlando las posibles variables confusoras. Resultados: Independientemente de cómo fuera caracterizada la exposición pasada a agroquímicos (por ejemplo, contacto con paraquat o fumigación aérea), el OR de ERC y ERCnT siempre fue mayor que 1.0 (rango, 1.36 a 3.75). Del mismo modo, la media de años de exposición fue consistentemente más alta para los casos que para los controles, para todas las variables continuas examinadas (más de 2 años en la mayoría de los casos). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio son consistentes con la evidencia epidemiológica y toxicológica previa y respaldan la hipótesis de que la exposición a agroquímicos puede estar causalmente implicada en la epidemia de ERC que se registra en El Salvador(AU)

Prevalence and incidence of chronic kidney disease in Cuba.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health problem worldwide. This article's objective is to describe CKD's integration into Cuba's National Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Program and the main outcomes regarding the burden of CKD and associated risk factors in Cuba. Cuba offers free health services to all its citizens on the basis of a strong primary healthcare system focused on prevention. The CKD National Program is coordinated by the Institute of Nephrology and includes the National Program for Prevention of CKD, which addresses all levels of prevention. The following indicators for renal replacement treatment are from 2016. The incidence of new patients on dialysis was 109 per million population (pmp); the two main causes were hypertension (34.4%) and diabetes mellitus (29.2). In 6.3% of patients, CKD cause could not be determined because they presented at advanced stages. The prevalence of patients on dialysis was 289 pmp; 90% of dialysis patients were on hemodialysis. The main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (30.25%), cerebrovascular diseases (11.1%), and infections (29.5%). The kidney transplant rate was 14.3 pmp. Kidney transplants performed with cadaveric donors were 86.5% of total, with living related donors 13.5%. The Isle of Youth Study (ISYS) was designed to assess predialysis chronic kidney disease patterns; its methodology has been published previously. Results: Risk factors: age > 59 years 32%, women 67.8%, overweight 34.3%, obesity 22.8%, hypertension 41.5%, diabetes 13%. Estimated CKD prevalence was 9.63%. The integration of CKD into Cuba's NCD Program has gathered knowledge of burden and trends of CKD and better risk factor control.

Chronic interstitial nephritis of nontraditional causes in Salvadoran agricultural communities.

In El Salvador, a form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of nontraditional causes (CKDnt) affecting farmers is being reported. Its behavior has been epidemic and is responsible for tens of thousands of deaths. This article summarizes the results obtained from a series of studies conducted to identify the epidemiology and clinical behavior of this disease, proposing a case definition and an etiopathogenic hypothesis. Methods included a survey of CKD in agricultural communities studying 2,388 people ≥ 18 years and 1,755 < 18, a descriptive clinical study followed by histopathological assessment conducted in 46 possible cases of CKDnt ≥ 18 years, and a national survey to study the prevalence of CKD and associated risk factors in 4,817 participants ≥ 20 years followed by a nested case-control study. In the agricultural communities, the prevalence of CKD in adults was 18% (men: 23.9%, women: 13.9%), 26.8% in agricultural workers (non-agricultural 13.8%), CKDnt accounted for 51.9% of cases. CKD in the population < 18 years was 3.9% (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate > 160 mL/1.73m2). The national CKD prevalence was 12.6% (urban: 11.3%; rural: 14.4%; males: 17.8%, females 8.5%), and CKDnt was only 3.8%; with associations between CKD and exposure to agrochemicals. The clinical study revealed the presence of markers of kidney damage (A3 albuminuria: 80.4%; ß2-microglobulin: 78.2%), urine electrolyte anomalies (100% hypermagnesuria, 45.7% hypernatriuria, 43.5% osmotic polyuria), abnormal osteotendinous reflexes (45.7%), sensorineural hearing loss (56.5%), and damage of the tibial arteries by Doppler imaging (66.7%). Biopsies revealed a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy. The etiopathogenesis of CKDnt is possibly multifactorial, including environmental contamination by agrochemicals, heat stress, and dehydration.

The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemic in El Salvador: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease has reached epidemic levels in several Central American countries since the early years of this century. In El Salvador, it is the second cause of death in men, the fifth in persons over 18 years old and the third cause of hospital deaths in the adult population. Its features, especially those of a subtype unassociated with traditional risk factors such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are only partially understood. OBJECTIVE Estimate the magnitude of chronic kidney disease in the adult population of El Salvador, considering both prevalence of the disease in its diverse forms as well as presence of potential risk factors nationally and in major subpopulations. METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data obtained from the Survey of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Adults in El Salvador, completed in 2015. The original data (interviews and measurements) were collected between October 2014 and March 2015 from 4817 adults employing a two-stage probabilistic cluster sample, with stratification of primary sampling units. Our analysis, using 20 of the 118 primary variables included in the original survey, focused on point estimation of prevalence rates and means, related to both traditional biological risk factors and nontraditional ones, such as insufficient hydration, strenuous working conditions and exposure to toxic agents. A separate analysis was performed to estimate prevalence of chronic kidney disease from nontraditional causes. Corresponding confidence intervals were calculated with proper weighting. RESULTS The general prevalence of chronic kidney disease in El Salvador was 12.8% (men 18.0%; women 8.7%). Of the chronically ill kidney patients, 13.1% were between 20 and 40 years of age. Among biological risk factors, the most frequent was high blood pressure (37.0%). Among nontraditional risk factors, high levels of sugary drink consumption (81.0%), insufficient hydration (65.9%) and high levels of exposure to agrochemicals in the work environment (12.6%) were also observed. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease from nontraditional causes was 3.9% (men 6.1%; women 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS Chronic kidney disease has reached epidemic proportions in El Salvador. The data confirm a health tragedy that, although especially striking older men, also takes a severe toll on young men and women. The results confirm findings of previous research in several Salvadoran agricultural communities. The relatively high level of population exposure to agrochemicals is important and alarming, especially in rural areas, meriting health-impact studies that include and go beyond possible impact on chronic kidney disease. KEYWORDS Kidney, renal insufficiency, chronic, risk factors, epidemics, El Salvador.

Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Etiology in El Salvador: Integrated Health Sector Action and South-South Cooperation.

In El Salvador, chronic kidney disease had reached epidemic propor-tions towards the end of this century's first decade. In 2011-2012, the Ministry of Health reported it was the leading cause of hospital deaths in men, the fifth in women, and the third overall in adult hospital fa-talities. Farming was the most common occupation among men in dialysis (50.7%). By 2017, chronic kidney disease admissions had overwhelmed hospital capacity.In 2009, El Salvador's Ministry of Health, Cuba's Ministry of Public Health and PAHO launched a cooperative effort to comprehensively tackle the epidemic. The joint investigations revealed a total prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the adult population of farming communities higher than that reported internationally (18% vs.11%-14.8%), higher in men than in women (23.9% vs 13.9%) and higher in men who were farmers/farmworkers than in men who were not (31.3% vs. 14.8%). The disease was also detected in children. An association was found between chronic kidney disease and exposure to agrochemicals (OR 1.4-2.5). In 51.9% of all chronic kidney disease cases, traditional causes (diabetes, hyperten-sion, glomerulopathies, obstructive nephropathies and cystic diseases) were ruled out and the existence of a particular form of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology was confirmed (whose initial cases were reported as early as 2002). In the patients studied, functional altera-tions and histopathologic diagnosis confirmed a chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis; most presented with neurosensory hearing loss, altered tendon refiexes and tibial artery damage. The main results of this cooperation were the epidemiologic, physio-pathologic, clinical and histopathologic characterization of chronic kid-ney disease of nontraditional etiology. This characterization facilitated case definition for the epidemic and led to the hypothesis of systemic toxicity from agrochemicals (e.g., paraquat, glyphosate), which par-ticularly affect the kidneys and to which farmers/farmworkers (who may also become dehydrated in the fields) are most exposed. The research thus also laid the foundations for design of comprehensive intersectoral government actions to reduce cases and put an end to the epidemic. KEYWORDS Chronic kidney disease; chronic renal failure; tubuloint-erstitial nephritis; epidemiology; histopathology; international coopera-tion; agrochemicals; environmental pollutants, noxae, and pesticides; occupational health; PAHO; El Salvador; Cuba.

Registry of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Health Care in Cuba, 2017 / Comportamiento de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Cuba, 2017

Introducción: La base del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Cuba es el médico de la familia quienes registran, evalúan los riesgos, tratan y siguen a los pacientes en su comunidad. La enfermedad renal crónica afecta al 10 por ciento de la población adulta por lo cual es necesaria su activa vigilancia. Objetivos: evaluar y comparar la dispensarización por ERC y ERC-DM entre 2014 y 2017. Material y Métodos: Pacientes registrados con ERC (tasa de filtración glomerular <60 mL/min/1,73 m2) total y de causa diabética; tasa de prevalencia x 1 000 habitantes, (sexo, edad, provincia). Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros de la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas. Resultados: Se incrementa la dispensarizacion en 2017 vs 2014: por ERC 21 por ciento, y de ellos con ERC ocasionada por diabetes en un 47,21 por ciento. Existió un aumento a mayor edad y alcanzó su valor máximo en el grupo de edades de 60-64 años para la ERC (8,99 x 1 000 habitantes) y entre los mayores de 65 años (1,35 x 1 000 habitantes) para la ERC-DM. Existen diferencias en las tasas provinciales, en la frecuencia de ERC (6,28-1,06), y de ERC-DM (0,82-0,11), también varía el diagnostico ERC-DM vs la población diabética existente y dispensarizada entre un 1,25-0,1% Conclusiones: Existe una mejoría en la dispensarización por ERC y por ERC-DM. La garantía por el Estado Cubano del acceso universal, de la atención centrada desde cada comunidad; en el asesoramiento a los pacientes; de las herramientas diagnósticas y la cobertura de medicamentos esenciales garantiza su sostenibilidad(AU)

Introduction: The basis of the National Health System in Cuba is the Primary Health Care; the family doctor registers the patients to evaluate the risks, to carry out the treatment, and follow-up them in the community. Chronic Kidney Disease affects the 10 percent of the adult population, that is why the active surveillance is necessary. Objectives: To evaluate and compare all patient registries of Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease with Diabetes Mellitus (2014- 2017). Material and Methods: The total of patients registered with Chronic Kidney Disease (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and among them the diabetic patients; comparing the prevalence rate per 1 000 inhabitants, (sex, age, province). The data were obtained from the registries of the National Direction for Statistics. Results: Dispensarization increased in 2017 vs 2014: CKD 21,0%, and CKD with diabetes mellitus 47,21 percent. It increased according to age and it reached its maximum value in the group of 60-64 year-old ages for the CKD (8,99 per 1 000 inhabitants) and among them, more than 65 years old (1,35 per 1 000 inhabitants) for CKD with Diabetes Mellitus. There are differences in rates in the provinces in a frequency of CKD (6,28-1,06), and CKD with Diabetes Mellitus (0,82-0,11). The diagnosis of CKD-DM vs the existent diabetic and dispensarized population between 1,25-0,1 percent also varies. Conclusions: The dispensarization has increased for CKD and CKD with Diabetes Mellitus. The cuban state guarantees the sustainability of the universal access of the medical care in each community; the advice to patients; the diagnostic tools and the covering of essential medications(AU)

Registro de la Enfermedad Renal Diabética en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Cuba, 2015 / Registry of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Primary Health Care Centers in Cuba, 2015

Introducción: La base del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Cuba radica en los médicos de la familia que registran, evalúan los riesgos, tratan y dan seguimiento a los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. La Diabetes Mellitus (DM) es la causa principal de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERC) y estos pacientes también son dispensarizados en el país. Objetivos: Caracterizar a la ERC y la ERC-DM, según su registro en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Material y Métodos: Pacientes registrados con ERC (tasa de filtración glomerular <60 mL/min/1,73 m2) en total y de causa diabética en Cuba en 2015, la prevalencia x 1 000 habitantes, según sexo, edad, provincia y nación. Los datos primarios se obtuvieron de los registros de la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional con ERC fue 2.16 x 1 000 habitantes (incremento de 17,7 vs 2014) y la prevalencia de ERC-DM fue de 0,48 x 1 000 habitantes (incremento de 25,9 vs 2014). Existió un aumento a mayor edad y alcanzó su valor máximo en el grupo de edades de 60-64 años tanto para la ERC (11,4 x 1 000) y en la ERC-DM (2,92 x 1 000). Del total de pacientes con ERC, los diabéticos representaron en 2014, 12,7 por ciento y en 2015, 13,6 por ciento, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino en ambos años 2014=12,7 por ciento y 2015=14,4 por ciento. La prevalencia de pacientes con ERC y la proporción de pacientes con ERC-DM fue menor que lo reportado por la III Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo. Conclusiones: La ERCestá sub diagnosticada en el país y la ERC-DM lo es aún en mayor grado. Se requiere la implementación de intervenciones efectivas para el diagnóstico temprano de los pacientes en la Atención Primaria de Salud(AU)

Introduction: The basis of Cuban National Health System lies in the Family Doctors who register, evaluate the risks, treat, and follow-up patients with chronic diseases. Diabetes Mellitus(DM) is the main cause of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and these patients are also identified and treated all over the country. Objectives: To characterize the CKD and the CKD + DM according to their registries in the Primary Health Care Centers. Material and methods: Patients with CKD caused by diabetes (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1,73 m2) who were registered in Cuba in the year 2015; with reported prevalence per 1 000 inhabitants; and also characterized according to sex, age, province, and nation. The primary data were taken from the Registries of the National Direction of Statistics. Results: The national prevalence of CKD was 2,16 per 1 000 inhabitants (increase of 17,7 vs 2014), and the prevalence of CKD + DM was 0,48 per 1 000 inhabitants (increase of 25,9 vs 2014). There was an increase at older age, and reached a maximum value in the group of ages from 60-64 years, both for the CKD (11,4 x 1 000) and the CKD + DM (2,92 x 1 000). Out of the total of patients with CKD, the diabetic ones represented the 12,7 percent in 2014, and the 13,6% in 2015, with a higher frequency in the female sex in both years (2014=12,7%, and 2015=14,4%). The prevalence in patients with CKD, and the proportion of patients with CKD + DM was lower than the one reported by the Third National Survey on Risk Factors. Conclusions: CKD is underdiagnosed in the country, and the same thing happens with CKD + DM, but even in a higher degree. The implementation of effective actions is required for the early diagnosis of the patients in the Primary Health Care(AU)

Toward a Comprehensive Hypothesis of Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities.

Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC) not associated with traditional risk factors. This disease has become an important public health problem and is observed in several countries in Central America and Asia. CINAC predominantly affects young male farmers between the third and fifth decades of life with women, children, and adolescents less often affected. Clinically, CINAC behaves like a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy but with systemic manifestations not attributable to kidney disease. Kidney biopsy reveals chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with variable glomerulosclerosis and mild chronic vascular damage, with the severity depending on sex, occupation, and CKD stage. The presence of toxicological, occupational, and environmental risk factors within these communities suggests a multifactorial etiology for CINAC. This may include exposure to agrochemicals, a contaminated environment, repeated episodes of dehydration with heat stress, and an underlying genetic predisposition. An understanding of these interacting factors using a multidisciplinary approach with international cooperation and the formulation of a comprehensive hypothesis are essential for the development of public health programs to prevent this devastating epidemic.

Epidemiological characteristics of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in women of agricultural communities of El Salvador.

INTRODUCTION: In El Salvador end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was the first cause of hospital mortality overall, the first cause of hospital deaths in men, and the fifth cause of hospital mortality in women in 2013. In agricultural communities, chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs predominantly in male agricultural workers, but it also affects women to a lesser degree, even those who are not involved in agricultural work. Internationally, most epidemiological CKD studies emphasize men and no epidemiological studies focused exclusively on women. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of CKD in females in agricultural communities of El Salvador. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 2009 - 2011 based on active screening for CKD and risk factors in women aged ≥ 18 years in 3 disadvantaged populations of El Salvador: Bajo Lempa (Usulután Department), Guayapa Abajo (Ahuachapán Department), and Las Brisas (San Miguel Department). Epidemiological and clinical data were gathered through personal history, as well as urinalysis for renal damage markers, determinations of serum creatinine and glucose, and estimation of glomerular filtration rates. CKD cases were confirmed at 3 months. RESULTS: Prevalence of CKD was 13.9% in 1,412 women from 1,306 families studied. Chronic kidney disease of nontraditional causes (CKDu), not attributed to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or proteinuric primary glomerulopathy (proteinuria > 1 g/L) was 6.6%. Prevalence of chronic renal failure was 6.8%. Prevalence of renal damage markers was 9.8% (microalbuminuria (30 - 300 mg/L) 5.7%; macroalbuminuria (> 300 mg/L) 2%; and hematuria, 2.1%. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease risk factors was: diabetes mellitus, 9.3%; hypertension, 23%; family history of CKD, 16%; family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), 18.7%; family history of hypertension (HT), 31.9%; obesity, 21%; central obesity, 30.7%; NSAID use, 84.3%; agricultural occupation, 15.2%; and contact with agrochemicals, 33.1%. CONCLUSIONS: CKD in women of Salvadoran agricultural communities is associated with disadvantaged populations, traditional (DM, HT, obesity) and non-traditional causes (environmental and occupational exposure to toxic agents and inadequate working conditions). Our results reinforce the hypotheses emerging from other studies, suggesting a multifactorial etiopathology including environmental and occupational nephrotoxic exposure.

Clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in women of agricultural communities in El Salvador.

INTRODUCTION: A chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes (CKDu) has emerged in Central America and elsewhere, predominantly affecting male farmworkers. In El Salvador (2009), it was the second cause of death in men > 18 years old. Causality has not been determined. Most available research focused on men and there is scarce data on women. OBJECTIVES: Describe the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of CKDu in women of agricultural communities in El Salvador. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive study was carried out in 10 women with CKDu stages 2, 3a, and 3b. Researchers studied demographics, clinical examination; hematological and biochemical analyses, urine sediment, renal injury markers, and assessed renal, cardiac, and peripheral arteries, liver, pancreas, and lung anatomy and functions. Kidney biopsy was performed in all. Data was collected on the Lime Survey platform and exported to SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: Patient distribution by stages: 2 (70%), 3a (10%), 3b (20%). Occupation: agricultural 7; non-agricultural 3. RISK FACTORS: agrochemical exposure 100%; farmworkers 70%; incidental malaria 50%, NSAIDs use 40%; hypertension 40%. SYMPTOMS: nocturia 50%; dysuria 50%; arthralgia 70%; asthenia 50%; cramps 30%, profuse sweating 20%. Renal markers: albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) > 300 mg/g 90%; ß microglobulin and neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin (NGAL) presence in 40%. Kidney function: hypermagnesuria 100%; hyperphosphaturia 50%, hypercalciuria 40%; hypernatriuria 30%; hyponatremia 60%, hypocalcemia 50%. Doppler: tibial artery damage 40%. Neurological: reflex abnormalities 30%; Babinski and myoclonus 20%. Neurosensorial hypoacusis 70%. Histopathology: damage restricted mostly to the tubulo-interstitium, urine was essentially bland. CONCLUSIONS: CKDu in women is a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy with varied extrarenal symptoms.

Obesidad pediátrica y factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos asociados / Pediatric obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad está asociada a eventos cardiovasculares fundamentalmente en adultos, sin embargo, los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, a menudo, están presentes desde la infancia y la adolescencia. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en niños y adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: se presenta un estudio observacional, prospectivo en 202 niños y adolescentes obesos procedentes de consultas de Endocrinología de los hospitales pediátricos de La Habana, remitidos a consulta de referencia del Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana, durante el periodo enero-2010 a enero-2012. Al total de pacientes se les realizó una encuesta de antecedentes, factores de riesgo y mediciones físicas (peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura y tensión arterial). Se determinaron niveles séricos de colesterol, triglicéridos, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de alta densidad, glucemia e insulina en ayunas. Se determinó microalbuminuria como marcador de daño vascular. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, y se correlacionaron con la microalbuminuria. Se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS 13.0 para su análisis. RESULTADOS: se encontró que los niveles bajos de colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de alta densidad, el síndrome metabólico, la resistencia insulínica, la hipertrigliceridemia, la hipertensión arterial y la hipercolesterolemia fueron los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos más frecuentemente asociados a la obesidad. El factor de riesgo asociado de manera significativa a la microalbuminuria fue la hipertensión arterial. CONCLUSIONES: los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos asociados a la obesidad pueden ser identificados en edades tempranas de la vida.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is associated to cardiovascular events, mainly in adults, but cardiometabolic risk factors are often present since childhood and adolescence. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: prospective and observational study of 202 obese children and adolescents seen at the endocrinology services of the pediatric hospitals in La Habana province, who had been referred to the reference consultation located in Centro Habana pediatric hospital in the period of January 2010 through January 2012. Data about their obesity history, risk factors and physical measurements (weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure) were collected from all these patients. Their serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were all estimated in addition to microalbuminuria as vascular damage marker. Identified cardiometabolic risk factors correlated with microalbuminuria. The statistical SPSS 13.0 software was used for this analysis. RESULTS: it was found that low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, blood hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were the most frequently associated cardiometabolic risk factors to obesity. Blood hypertension was the most significant factor associated to microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: the cardiometabolic risk factor related to obesity may be identified at younger ages.

Obesidad pediátrica y factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos asociados / Pediatric obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors

Introducción: la obesidad está asociada a eventos cardiovasculares fundamentalmente en adultos, sin embargo, los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, a menudo, están presentes desde la infancia y la adolescencia. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en niños y adolescentes obesos. Métodos: se presenta un estudio observacional, prospectivo en 202 niños y adolescentes obesos procedentes de consultas de Endocrinología de los hospitales pediátricos de La Habana, remitidos a consulta de referencia del Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana, durante el periodo enero-2010 a enero-2012. Al total de pacientes se les realizó una encuesta de antecedentes, factores de riesgo y mediciones físicas (peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura y tensión arterial). Se determinaron niveles séricos de colesterol, triglicéridos, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de alta densidad, glucemia e insulina en ayunas. Se determinó microalbuminuria como marcador de daño vascular. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, y se correlacionaron con la microalbuminuria. Se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS 13.0 para su análisis. Resultados: se encontró que los niveles bajos de colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de alta densidad, el síndrome metabólico, la resistencia insulínica, la hipertrigliceridemia, la hipertensión arterial y la hipercolesterolemia fueron los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos más frecuentemente asociados a la obesidad. El factor de riesgo asociado de manera significativa a la microalbuminuria fue la hipertensión arterial. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos asociados a la obesidad pueden ser identificados en edades tempranas de la vida(AU)

Introduction: obesity is associated to cardiovascular events, mainly in adults, but cardiometabolic risk factors are often present since childhood and adolescence. Objective: to determine the frequency of cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. Methods: prospective and observational study of 202 obese children and adolescents seen at the endocrinology services of the pediatric hospitals in La Habana province, who had been referred to the reference consultation located in Centro Habana pediatric hospital in the period of January 2010 through January 2012. Data about their obesity history, risk factors and physical measurements (weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure) were collected from all these patients. Their serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were all estimated in addition to microalbuminuria as vascular damage marker. Identified cardiometabolic risk factors correlated with microalbuminuria. The statistical SPSS 13.0 software was used for this analysis. Results: it was found that low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, blood hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were the most frequently associated cardiometabolic risk factors to obesity. Blood hypertension was the most significant factor associated to microalbuminuria. Conclusions: the cardiometabolic risk factor related to obesity may be identified at younger ages(AU)

Marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos / Vascular and renal damage markers observed in urine from obese children and adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: la microalbuminuria es considerada un marcador de disfunción endotelial, daño vascular, daño renal y enfermedad cardiovascular, considerada un factor de riesgo independiente de morbilidad y mortalidad. De igual manera, la proteinuria ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de enfermedad renal crónica, y un predictor de todas las causas de mortalidad. Ambas, son relativamente frecuentes en los sujetos obesos. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: se presenta un estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo que incluyó a niños y adolescentes obesos atendidos en consulta de referencia "Obesidad y riñón", en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana. El estudio fue realizado en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. Se determinaron marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina (microalbuminuria y proteinuria). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa SPSS versión 13,0. RESULTADOS: solo a un paciente se le identificó proteinuria (0,5 %); sin embargo, al determinar la microalbuminuria, se encontró que más de la mitad (70,8 %) tenía este marcador de daño vascular y renal positivo. En el análisis histopatológico de la biopsia renal del paciente con proteinuria se encontró glomerulomegalia con lesión segmentaria de esclerosis y adherencia a la cápsula de Bowman. CONCLUSIONES: los niños y adolescentes obesos tienen una elevada frecuencia de positividad de marcadores de daño vascular y renal, fundamentalmente microalbuminuria.

INTRODUCTION: microalbuminuria is considered to be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, vascular damage, renal damage and cardiovascular disease in addition to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Similarly, proteinuria has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic renal disease and a predictor of all causes of mortality. Both are relatively frequent in obese subjects. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of vascular and renal markers in the urine from obese children and adolescents. METHODS: prospective, observational and analytical study of obese children and adolescents seen at the reference service called obesity and kidney in the teaching pediatric hospital of Centro Habana. The study was conducted from January 2009 through December 2012. Vascular and renal markers were determined in the urine (microalbuminuria and proteinuria). The statistical analysis was based on SPSS program version 13.0. RESULTS: there was just one patient detected with proteinuria (0.5 %); however, in the microalbuminuria test, it was found that over half of the patients (70.8 %) were positive to this vascular and renal damage marker. In the histopathological analysis of the renal biopsy taken from the patient with proteinuria, segmental glomerulosclerosis and adhesion to Bowman's capsule was discovered. CONCLUSIONS: obese children and adolescents have very frequent positivity to vascular and renal damage markers, mainly microalbuminuria.

Marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos / Vascular and renal damage markers observed in urine from obese children and adolescents

Introducción: la microalbuminuria es considerada un marcador de disfunción endotelial, daño vascular, daño renal y enfermedad cardiovascular, considerada un factor de riesgo independiente de morbilidad y mortalidad. De igual manera, la proteinuria ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de enfermedad renal crónica, y un predictor de todas las causas de mortalidad. Ambas, son relativamente frecuentes en los sujetos obesos. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos. Métodos: se presenta un estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo que incluyó a niños y adolescentes obesos atendidos en consulta de referencia Obesidad y riñón, en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana. El estudio fue realizado en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. Se determinaron marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina (microalbuminuria y proteinuria). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa SPSS versión 13,0. Resultados: solo a un paciente se le identificó proteinuria (0,5 por ciento); sin embargo, al determinar la microalbuminuria, se encontró que más de la mitad (70,8 por ciento) tenía este marcador de daño vascular y renal positivo. En el análisis histopatológico de la biopsia renal del paciente con proteinuria se encontró glomerulomegalia con lesión segmentaria de esclerosis y adherencia a la cápsula de Bowman. Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes obesos tienen una elevada frecuencia de positividad de marcadores de daño vascular y renal, fundamentalmente microalbuminuria(AU)

Introduction: microalbuminuria is considered to be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, vascular damage, renal damage and cardiovascular disease in addition to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Similarly, proteinuria has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic renal disease and a predictor of all causes of mortality. Both are relatively frequent in obese subjects. Objective: to determine the frequency of vascular and renal markers in the urine from obese children and adolescents. Methods: prospective, observational and analytical study of obese children and adolescents seen at the reference service called obesity and kidney in the teaching pediatric hospital of Centro Habana. The study was conducted from January 2009 through December 2012. Vascular and renal markers were determined in the urine (microalbuminuria and proteinuria). The statistical analysis was based on SPSS program version 13.0. Results: there was just one patient detected with proteinuria (0.5 percent); however, in the microalbuminuria test, it was found that over half of the patients (70.8 percent) were positive to this vascular and renal damage marker. In the histopathological analysis of the renal biopsy taken from the patient with proteinuria, segmental glomerulosclerosis and adhesion to Bowman's capsule was discovered. Conclusions: obese children and adolescents have very frequent positivity to vascular and renal damage markers, mainly microalbuminuria(AU)

Terapia renal de reemplazo dialítica en cuba: tendencia durante los últimos 10 años / Dialitic renal replacement therapy in cuba: trend over the past 10 years

Introducción: la especialidad de Nefrología existe en Cuba, desde 1966. Ante los avances y el perfeccionamiento desarrollado en la Salud Pública es importante evaluar los cambios en los métodos dialíticos. Objetivo: reportar la tendencia de la terapia renal de reemplazo dialítica (TRR-D) en el país en el período 2001-2011. Método: el reporte incluye los datos de los indicadores de estructura, proceso y resultado de los pacientes, quienes reciben métodos dialíticos crónicos, recolectados por el Centro Coordinador del Programa Atención Nacional Enfermedad Renal, Diálisis y Trasplante (PANER). Resultados: el acceso a las TRR-D es universal y gratuito. El total de Servicios se incrementó de 24 en 2001 a 49 en 2011. La prevalencia en TRR-D crece; en 2001, fue de 150 por Millón de Población, a 243 pMP en el 2011. La hipertensión (34 por ciento) y la diabetes (27 por ciento) son las principales causas de Enfermedad Renal Crónica terminal. Las posibles explicaciones del incremento de pacientes en métodos dialíticos y la disminución de la mortalidad bruta están dadas por el incremento en las capacidades dialíticas, la mejoría tecnológica, el empleo de eritropoyetina a todos los que la requieran con la mejoría de la anemia, entre otras.Conclusión: la TRR-D, en Cuba, se ha incrementado en el período 2001-2011; ha aumentado el número de especialistas en Nefrología, su competencia, expresado en la mejoría de los resultados clínicos, consecuencia del acercamiento multidisciplinario a los pacientes, la mejor atención a sus comorbilidades y, en primer término, por la prioridad brindada por el Estado a este Programa a todos los niveles del Sistema(AU)

Introduction: the nephrology in Cuba has been since 1966. Chronic Kidney Disease is now recognized as a global public health problem. As health improvement development in Cuba, it is important to evaluate the changes in dialysis status. We report the dialysys Program trend over de past 10 years. Methods: this report includes data of indicators of structure, process and results defined from patients who were receiving chronic dialysis treament over he past 2001-2011. Data was collected by the Center of PANER. Results: access to dialysis care is a right of every Cuban citizen and all treatment modalities are availables and it is universal. The total number of Services increase of 24 in 2001 to 49 in 2011 The prevalence of D-RRT continue to grow: in 2001 was 150 pMP, ant the 2011 of 243 pMP. Hypertension (34 percent) and diabetes (27 percent) are the leading cause of renal disease. In our case the possible explanations for the increase of patients and decrease of the crude mortality are of the increase in the capabilities of hemodialysis, improvements in technology, the use of erythropoietin and iron to all who need, between others. Conclusion: the dialysis RRT in Cuba has increased over the past 10 years, at the expense of the haemodialysis, as the clinical results have improved by the increase in the number of nephrologists their expertise and competence, comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to patient care, the best treatment of comorbidities and the priority given to the Program at all levels of the health system(AU)